Mienzaniso 20 Yechokwadi Yemakombiyuta Akabatanidzwa Anochinja Hupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva Neindasitiri

I. Nhanganyaya

An kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati sisitimu yekombiyuta yakasarudzika yakagadzirirwa kuita mabasa akatsaurirwa mukati memudziyo mukuru kana application. Kusiyana ne kombiyuta inoshandiswa zvakanyanya senge laptop kana desktop, sisitimu yakavharirwa yakagadzirirwa mashandiro chaiwo, kazhinji kushanda pasi pezvirambidzo zvakasimba mu kushandiswa kwesimba, saizi, mutengouye mashandiro chaiwoMasisitimu aya anowanzo gadzirwa zvichienderana ne ma microcontroller, mapurosesa madiki, kana system-on-chip (SoC) magadzirirwo ezvivakwa, kubatanidza hardware nesoftware mumhinduro imwe chete.

Iyo nhoroondo yemakomputa akaiswa mukati inotangira kuma1960, ine mienzaniso yekutanga yakaita seApollo Guidance Computer yaishandiswa mumabasa emuchadenga eNASA. Kubva ipapo, munda uyu wakashanduka zvikuru, zvichigonesa maPC akaiswa mukati, Makomputa ebhodhi rimwe chete (SBCs) sezvakaita Raspberry Pi uye Bhodhi reBeagleuye zvisingaverengeki Midziyo yeIoT simba iroro nyika yakabatana yanhasi. Kubva mayuniti ekudzora injini dzemotokari (ECUs) ku mishonga yekurapa inoderedza marwadzouye kubva marobhoti ekushandisa otomatiki mumaindasitiri ku masisitimu ezviratidzo zvedhijitari, makombiyuta ari mumakombiyuta ava musimboti weruzivo rwemazuva ano.

Kukosha kwe masisitimu akaiswa mukati dziri mukuwanda kwazvo uye kugona kwadzo kuchinjika. Dzinowanikwa mu zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvevatengi zvakaita semafoni, michina yekuwachisa, uye mawachi ekuchenjera, pamwe chete ne mafomu akakosha se mota dzinozvishandira dzoga, mitsetse yefekitori inoshanda otomatikiuye midziyo yehutanoKugadzirwa kwavo kunowanzo sanganisira masisitimu ekushanda akavharirwa (RTOS, Embedded Linux, kana Android variants), kuve nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro akavimbika uye anofanotaurwa.

Chinyorwa chino chinopa ongororo yakazara ye mienzaniso yemakombiyuta akaiswa mukati, zvichitevedzana zvishandiso zvevatengi, masisitimu emaindasitiri, michina yekurapa, tekinoroji yemotokari, uye mhinduro dzeIoTTichaongororawo magadzirirwo ehardware, mapuratifomu esoftware, hunhu hwekugadzira, uye mafambiro eramangwanaPakupera, vaverengi vachanzwisisa zvakajeka mashandiro anoita masisitimu aya, kwaanoshandiswa, uye kuti nei achikosha mukuumba maindasitiri nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

II. Mapoka emakombiyuta akabatanidzwa

Makomputa akaiswa mukati Zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana, asi magadzirirwo azvo uye kuendeswa kwazvo zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakajeka. Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo aya kwakakosha kune mainjiniya, nyanzvi dzeIT, uye mabhizinesi anoongorora mhinduro dzePC dzakaiswa mukatiMasisitimu aya anowanzo rongwa ne chimiro uye magadzirirwo kune rumwe rutivi, uye ne mashandiro uye kugona kwekubatana pane rimwe divi.

A. NeForm Factor / Architecture

1. Makomputa Akaiswa muSystem-on-Chip (SoC)

A Sisitimu-iri-pa-Chip (SoC) inobatanidza CPU, ndangariro, I/O controllers, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange maGPU mupakeji imwe chete yesilicon. Magadzirirwo aya akanyanya kunaka diki, isingadyi simba zvakanyanya, uye isingadhuri zvakanyanyaMagadzirirwo eSoC anowanikwa mu mafoni, zvishandiso zveIoT, smartwatches, uye masisitimu ezviratidzo zvedhijitari, apo mashandiro anofanira kuenzana ne kushandiswa kwesimba shomaMagadzirirwo azvo ega anoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kune midziyo yemagetsi inotakurika uye yevatengi uko nzvimbo iri shoma.

2. Makomputa Akasungirirwa paSocket kana Modular

Makomputa akavakirwa pasoketi zvakagadzirwa kuti kuchinjika uye kugadzirisaKusiyana neSoCs, iyo CPU uye modules dzekurangarira inogona kuvandudzwa, zvichiita kuti hupenyu hwechigadzirwa huwedzere otomatiki yemaindasitiri, marobhoti, makioski, uye michina yemifananidzo yekurapa. Zvinoratidza nzvimbo dzekuwedzera uye sarudzo dzakawanda dzeI/O, inotsigira michina yepamusoro yakaita se Zvishandiso zveGPU zvinomhanyisa, Ethernet inomhanya zvakanyanya, uye nzvimbo dzemabhazi dzeCANMasisitimu aya anosarudzwa kana kukura kwekushanda uye kuvimbika kwenguva refu zvinonetsa.

3. Makomputa eBhodhi Rimwe Chete (SBCs)

Makomputa ebhodhi rimwe chete (SBCs) zvakaita se Raspberry Pi, BeagleBoard, uye Arduino batanidza zvinhu zvese zvakakosha pabhodhi redunhu rakamanikana. Zvinopa chiyero pakati pe kukwanisika kwemitengo uye mashandiro, zvichiita kuti vafarirwe nevanhu vakawanda dzidzo, prototyping, IoT gateways, uye kudzora indasitiri zvishoma. Makomputa ebhodhi rimwe chete eSBC dzinoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana: mumakirasi, dzinodzidzisa budiriro yakadzama; mumaindasitiri, dzinopa kudzora otomatiki kwemutengo wakaderera kana mabasa ekombiyuta yemuchetoKufarirwa kwavo kunobva munharaunda yakakura yevagadziri vemapurogiramu uye rutsigiro rwakakura rweOS, kusanganisira Yakabatanidzwa muLinux neAndroid.

B. Nekushanda / Kugona kweNetwork

1. Masisitimu Akazvimirira Akaiswa Mukati

A sisitimu yakamisikidzwa yega yakagadzirirwa kuita chimwe chete basa rakatsaurirwa pasina kubatana kwekunze. Mienzaniso inosanganisira madhiraivha emuchina wekuwachisa, macalculator, kana mabhodhi ekugadzirisa ma logic emuchina wekuwachisaHardware yavo nefirmware zvakanyatsogadzirwa kuti zvive nyore, zvakavimbika, uye zvine mutengo. Masisitimu aya anosimbisa kuita kwakasimba mukati menzvimbo dzakavharwa.

2. Masisitimu Akabatanidzwa Munguva Yechokwadi (Akavakirwa paRTOS)

Mamwe maindasitiri haagoni kushivirira kunonoka. Masisitimu akavharirwa panguva chaiyo (RTOS) vimbisa kuita kwakasimba, kunofungidzirwa nekupindura zviratidzo zvekupinda mukati memasekonzi madiki. Simba remasisitimu aya kudzora kuchengetedzeka kwemotokari se masisitimu ekubhureka asingakiyi (ABS), mabhegi emhepouye mayuniti ekudzora injini (ECUs), naizvozvowo zvishandiso zvekurapa zvakaita se zvinodzora tsinga dzemwoyo kana zvinoderedza kusimba kwemwoyomapuratifomu eRTOS akaita se VxWorks, QNX, kana Embedded Linux ine ma patches ePREEMPT_RT zvinogamuchirwa zvakanyanya mu marobhoti emuchadenga, ekudzivirira, uye emaindasitiri.

3. Masisitimu Akabatanidzwa Netiweki

Munguva ye IoT uye komputa yekumusoro, masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network zviri kuramba zvichiwanda. Masisitimu aya ane zvinhu zvakavakirwa mukati Kubatana kweEthernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, kana nharembozha, zvichivabatsira kutaurirana nemapuratifomu egore, maseva, nezvimwe zvishandiso. Mienzaniso inosanganisira michina yekutengesa zvinhu yakangwara, masensa emaindasitiri, masuo eIoT, uye masisitimu ekuchengetedza akabatanaNekubatanidza kutarisa kuri kure uye kuongorora data, vanopa simba rekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinofanotaurwa mumafekitori, kutarisira zvikepe mukutakurauye kugadzirisa simba mumagridi akangwara.

Pfupiso

Iyo mapoka e makombiyuta akaiswa mukati inoratidza kusiyana-siyana kwemunda. Padivi rekuvaka, tinoona Magadzirirwo akavakirwa paSoC ekushanda zvakanaka, maPC e socket modular kuti akwanise kukurauye MaSBC ekugadzirisa zvinhu uye anokwanisika kutengaParutivi rwekushanda, kune masisitimu akazvimirira kuti pave nekuvimbika kwakanangana, masisitimu enguva chaiyo zvekushandisa zvakakosha pakuchengetedzeka, uye masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network kupa simba Chimurenga cheIoT.

Nekuisa muzvikamu makombiyuta akabatanidzwa mumaindasitiri nenzira iyi, vanoita sarudzo vanogona kuenzanisa tekinoroji nezvinodiwa zvavo zviri nani—ingave iri sensor yeIoT inodhura zvishoma, a PC yeindasitiri inoshanda zvakanyanya, kana kuti mutongi wenguva chaiyo wehurongwa hwakakosha hwebasa.

III. Mienzaniso Yechokwadi Munyika Dzese

Kukosha kwechokwadi kwe kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati zvinova pachena patinoongorora kuti zvinoshandiswa sei mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvevatengi ku otomatiki yemaindasitiri, hutano, mota, uye masisitimu eIoT, makombiyuta ari mukati anopa mashandiro akavimbika, anoenderana nebasa izvo nzanga yemazuva ano inovimba nazvo. Pazasi pane mienzaniso inoshanda inoratidza kugona kwavo kuita zvinhu.

A. Zvishandiso zveVatengi

Mu chikamu chemagetsi chevatengi, makombiyuta ari mukati haaonekwe zvakanyanya, asi ndiwo anotsanangura ruzivo rwemushandisi.

• 
  Mafoni Nemapiritsi - Inotsigirwa nevepamusoro ma processor e system-on-chip (SoC), vanobata zvese kubva kugadzirisa mifananidzo yekamera ku kubatana kwenetiweki.
  
  

• Midziyo yepamba - Michina yekuwachisa, mafiriji, uye maovheni e microwave zvinoshandisa ma microcontroller kutarisira injini, matimers, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza.

• Makamera edhijitari uye maConsole emitambo - Ava vanoshandisa Makomputa ebhodhi rimwe chete (SBCs) kuenzanisa simba rekugadzirisa, dhizaini diki, uye kupindura panguva chaiyo.

• Zvinopfekwa - Mawachi eSmart uye matracker ekurovedza muviri zvinobatanidzwa masisitimu ane simba shoma vanotevera biometrics, vanoshandisa maapplication, uye vanobatana zviri nyore vachishandisa Bluetooth kana Wi-Fi.

Pano, kusimbiswa kuri pa kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, compact form factor, uye mutengo wakaderera ukuwo uchiri kuona kuti zvinoitwa nemazvo.

B. Masisitimu eMaindasitiri neMabhizinesi

Mu nyika yemaindasitiri, makombiyuta akabatanidzwa akakosha kune otomatiki uye kuvimbika.

• 
  Kugadzira otomatiki kwefekitori – Makomputa eindasitiri Yakaiswa mumakabati ekudzora inotarisira masisitimu ekutakura zvinhu, maoko erobhoti, uye mitsetse yekugadzira ine nguva yakatarwa.

• Marobhoti Emaindasitiri - Yakashongedzerwa ne masisitimu ekushanda akabatanidzwa panguva chaiyo (RTOS), makombiyuta aya anodzora kufamba kwakarurama, kuchengetedzeka, uye masisitimu ekuona kwemuchina.

• MaKioski nemaATM - Makombiyuta akabatanidzwa anopa kushanda kwakachengeteka uye kunoramba kuripo mukati masisitimu ekuzvibhadharira, michina yekutengesa, uye materminal ebhangi, kazhinji nemidziyo yakasimba yekushanda maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva, mazuva manomwe pasvondo.

• Simba uye Zvishandiso - Mamita akangwara, magadzirirwo egrid, uye Nzvimbo dzekuchaja mota dzemagetsi shandisa ma-embedded controllers kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti kugoverwa kwesimba zvakanaka uye kutarisa.

Chinonyanya kukosha pano ndeche dhizaini yakasimba, kugona kukura, uye kutenderera kwenguva refu, sezvo nguva yekushanda inokanganisa zvakananga kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye purofiti.

C. Mota Nekufambisa

Indasitiri yemotokari ndeimwe yevatengi vakawanda ve tekinoroji yakabatikana.

• 
  Zvikamu Zvekudzora Injini (ECUs) - Ava vanodzora mafuta vanotonga kupinza mafuta, nguva yekupisa, uye kuburitsa utsi, vachiona kuti mitemo yepasi rose inoenderana.

• Masisitimu ekuchengetedza – Ma airbag controller, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), uye adaptive cruise control vese vanovimba ne makombiyuta anowanikwa panguva chaiyo.

• Kuvaraidza uye Kufamba - Makombiyuta akabatanidzwa anoisa simba mumotokari, GPS, uye masisitimu emultimedia, anowanzo shanda akagadzirirwa Linux Yakabatanidzwa mapuratifomu.

• Kutyaira Kwega - Mota dzemazuva ano dzinobatanidza akawanda masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network yekusarudza sarudzo dzinotungamirirwa neLidar, Radar, uye AI.

Pano, kuchengetedzeka, kuvimbika, uye mhinduro yakasimba zvakakosha, zvichiita kuti RTOS uye magadzirirwo akajairwa asina kudzoserwa zvakakosha.

D. Zvishandiso zvekurapa nezvehutano

Makomputa akavharirwa anogonesawo kunyatsoita zvinhu nemazvo tekinoroji yekurapa.

• 
  Mapampu eInsulin nePampu dzePacemakers - Masisitimu akavakirwa pa microcontroller anopa mabasa ekuchengetedza hupenyu nesimba rakaderera zvakanyanya uye kuvimbika kwakanyanya.

• Midziyo yeMifananidzo - Midziyo yakaita semichina ye ultrasound uye masisitimu eMRI anoshandisa Makombiyuta ane simba repamusoro kuti mifananidzo ionekwe panguva chaiyo.

• Zvishandiso Zvekurapa Zvinopfekwa - Zvishandiso zvekuongorora moyo uye maturusi ekuongorora chirwere kubatana kweIoT kwakabatanidzwa yekutarisa murwere ari kure.

Zvinodiwa nebazi rezvehutano zvitupa zvekuchengetedza, kushandiswa kwesimba shoma, uye kushanda kwenguva chaiyo kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevarwere.

E. IoT uye Masisitimu Akangwara

Kukwira kwe IoT uye komputa yekumusoro yakawedzera huwandu hwemakombiyuta ari mukati:

• 
  Magedhi eIoT - Chinhu chidiki chechimiro maPC akaiswa mukati unganidza data kubva kumasensa akawanda woritumira zvakachengeteka kugore.

• Zvivako Zvakangwara - Mwenje, HVAC, uye masisitimu ekunyevera moto zvinofambiswa ne vatongi vakaiswa mukati me network.

• Madhironi neMasisitimu Ekutarisa - Masisitimu akabatanidzwa anotarisira masensa, kugadzikana, uye kutenderera kwedata mukati nharaunda dzenguva chaiyo.

Muzviitiko izvi, kubatana ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha, Nzvimbo dzemabhazi dzeEthernet, Wi-Fi, 5G, uye CAN zvichibvumira kuchinjana data panguva chaiyo.

IV. Zvikamu zveHardware & Magadzirirwo

Pakati pezvinhu zvose kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati ine musanganiswa wakagadzirwa zvakanaka wezvikamu zvehardware uye magadzirirwo esystem. Kusiyana nemacomputer anoshanda zvakanyanya, masisitimu aya akagadzirirwa kushanda zvakanaka, kuvimbika, uye mashandiro anoenderana nebasaKunzwisisa zvinhu zvinovaka—ma microcontroller, ma microprocessor, ndangariro, uye peripheral interfaces—chinokosha pakuongorora mhinduro dze otomatiki yemaindasitiri, zvishandiso zveIoT, kana masisitimu ekurapa.

A. Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors uye SoCs

• Microcontrollers (MCUs): Machipisi akamanikana, anodhura zvishoma CPU, RAM, Flash storage, uye I/O peripheralsZvakajairika mu midziyo, masensa, makarukureta, uye vanodzora mota, MCUs dzakanakira masisitimu akazvimirira akaiswa mukati.

• Mapurosesa Madiki (MPU): Yakagadzirirwa kushanda kwepamusoro, ma processor aya anoda memory yekunze uye rutsigiro masisitimu ekushanda akaomarara zvakaita se Yakabatanidzwa muLinux kana AndroidZvinowanikwa mu Makombiyuta emuindasitiri, zviratidzo zvedhijitari, uye infotainment iri mumotokari.

• Sisitimu-iri-pa-Chip (SoC): Inosanganisa zvakanakisa zvenyika dzese mbiri, kuisa mukati CPU, GPU, uye mamodule ekubatanidza pane chip imwe chete. SoCs ndiyo inonyanya kutonga mafoni, masuo eIoT, uye mapuratifomu emakombiyuta emucheto nekuda kwavo kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba uye kuwanda kwekubatanidzwa.

B. Kubatana kwePeripheral & Kubatana

Masisitimu akavharirwa anoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dze Nzvimbo dzeI/O kubatanidza masensa, ma actuator, uye network:

• GPIO, UART, I²C, uye SPI yekudzora kwepadanho rakaderera.

• Bhazi reCAN muzvirongwa zvemotokari.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi, uye Bluetooth ye masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network.

• USB nePCI yekuwedzera kwekunze mu maPC akaiswa mumaindasitiri.

Ma interface aya anovimbisa kuchinjika mu otomatiki yefekitori, marobhoti, uye ecosystem yeIoT.

C. Sarudzo dzeMemory & Storage

Sarudzo dzekurangarira dzinokanganisa kupindura kwehurongwa uye kugadzikana:

• ROM/Flash - ye firmware uye bootloaders.

• SRAM/DRAM - mabasa ekushandisa pakombiyuta panguva chaiyo.

• EEPROM ne eMMC - kuchengetedza data rakakosha kwenguva refu, risingachinji.

Mukati mafomu akakosha ebasa se mifananidzo yezvokurapa kana kuti ndege, kuvimbika kwendangariro kwakakosha sekushanda kwakagadzirwa.

Muchidimbu, kuenzanisa kwemagadzirirwo emidziyo yakavharirwa mashandiro, saizi, mutengo, uye kubatanaKana uchishandisa microcontroller ye sensor node kana kuti SoC yemudziyo wakangwara, zvikamu izvi zvinotsanangura kugona kwesystem uye kuvimbika kwayo kwenguva refu.

V. Software & Mashandiro Ekushandisa

Panguva iyo hardware inotsanangura kugona kwemuviri kwe kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati, ndiyo software uye system yekushandisa izvo zvinosarudza kuti hurongwa hunoita sei, hunoshanda sei, uye hunopindura sei. Kubva firmware inoshanda pa microcontrollers ku masisitimu ekushanda akazara ane mabasa akazara Pamakombiyuta eindasitiri, chikamu chesoftware ndicho chinoita kuti masisitimu aya ave akangwara uye anoshanda.

A. Firmware uye Software Yakaiswa Mukati

Zvizhinji masisitimu akavakirwa pa microcontroller mhanya firmware, purogiramu yakareruka inochengetwa mu ROM kana Flash memorySoftware iyi inowanzo nyorwa mu C kana mutauro wegungano, yakagadzirirwa kumhanya uye saizi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira pfungwa yekudzora mune muchina wekuwacha, iyo sisitimu yekuisa mafuta mumotokari, kana kuti nzira yekuchengetedza mu pacemakerFirmware yakagadzirirwa kuva yakagadzikana, yakasimba, uye inoramba kukundikana, sezvo maapplication mazhinji achida makore ekushanda pasina kukanganiswa.

B. Masisitimu Ekushanda Akaiswa Mukati

Kune mamwe mabasa akaoma, masisitimu ekushanda akabatanidzwa (OS) kupa nharaunda yakarongeka:

• 
  Masisitimu Ekushanda Enguva Yechokwadi (RTOS): Mapuratifomu akaita se VxWorks, QNX, uye FreeRTOS tumira nguva dzekupindura dzakasimba, zvakakosha mu masisitimu ekuchengetedza mota, mashandisirwo emuchadenga, uye marobhoti emaindasitiri.

• Linux Yakabatanidzwa: Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu masisitimu akabatanidzwa ane network, maIoT gateways, uye maPC ekugadzira otomatiki emaindasitiri, zvichipa mukana wekuchinja-chinja, kukura, uye rutsigiro rwakasimba munharaunda. Kugoverwa kwakadai se Yocto, Buildroot, uye OpenWrt bvumira kugadzirisa.

• Mhando dzeAndroid: Yakagadzirirwa Maitiro ekushandisa eAndroid iri kuramba ichishandiswa mu zviratidzo zvedhijitari, makiosk, uye masisitimu evaraidzo, nekuda kwayo chimiro chakapfuma chemifananidzo uye ecosystem yeapp.

• Mahwindo Akaiswa / WinCE: Kunyangwe zvisiri kunyanya kushandiswa nhasi, zvichiri kushandiswa mu makioski ekare, materminal anobatwa nemaoko, uye zvishandiso zvekurapa.

C. Zvaunofanira Kufunga NezveSoftware

Sarudzo ye OS yakaiswa mukati zvinoenderana ne:

• Zvinodiwa panguva chaiyo (RTOS dzakaoma vs. dzakapfava).

• Zvinodiwa zvekubatana (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, bhazi reCAN).

• Kuchengetedzeka uye kuvimbika (zvakakosha muhutano uye kutonga kwemaindasitiri).

Chaizvoizvo, chikamu chesoftware chinoshandura kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati kubva kusilicon mbishi kuenda ku sisitimu yakagadzirwa nechinangwa uye yakavimbika—inokwanisa kuunza simba pazvinhu zvese Midziyo yeIoT ku kudzora ndege kwakakosha zvikuru.

VI. Hunhu hweMagadzirirwo & Zvipingamupinyi

Kugadzira kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati zvinosanganisira kuenzanisa zvakawanda zvirambidzo uku ichizadzisa zvinodiwa pakushanda kwayo. Kusiyana nemakomputa anoshandiswa pabasa rayo, masisitimu akabatanidzwa anowanzo shanda pasi pemutemo wakaoma. simba, saizi, mutengo, uye zvinodiwa panguva chaiyo, ukuwo vachivimbisawo kuti kusimba, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuvimbika.

A. Simba, Ukuru, uye Mutengo

• Kushandiswa Kwesimba Rakaderera: Midziyo yakawanda yakaiswa mukati, yakaita se Masensa eIoT, maimplants ekurapa, uye zvinopfekwa, inoshanda nesimba rebhatiri shoma. Hardware nesoftware zvakagadziridzwa kuti zvikwanise kushandisa simba zvakanaka kuburikidza nematekiniki akaita se manejimendi yesimba rinoshanduka uye SoCs dzine voltage yakaderera.

• Chinhu Chidiki Chechimiro: Mapurogiramu akaita se maECU emotokari, vanodzora zviratidzo zvedhijitari, uye magedhi emaindasitiri zvinoda masisitimu anogona kukwana munzvimbo dzakamanikana pasina kukanganisa mashandiro.

• Kushanda Nemutengo Wakanaka: Kugadzirwa kukuru kwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvevatengi zvakaita sezvinodiwa nemuchina wekuwachisa kana macalculator ma microcontrollers akavharirwa ane mutengo wakaderera izvo zvichiri kupa kuvimbika.

B. Zvipingamupinyi Zvenguva Chaiyo

Maindasitiri mazhinji anovimba ne masisitimu akaiswa mukati menguva chaiyo apo kugadzirisa kunofanira kuitika mukati menguva yakatarwa:

• Masisitimu Akaoma Enguva Yechokwadi - Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinodzora mabhegi emhepo, masisitimu ekubhureki anodzivisa kukiya (ABS), uye zvinofambisa mweya, uko kunyange kunonoka kwemasekonzi mashoma kunogona kukonzera kukundikana.

• Masisitimu Akapfava Enguva Yechokwadi - Yakawanikwa mu vatambi vemultimedia, masisitimu enhau dzezvekufadzwa, uye maturusi ekutarisa maindasitiri, uko kunonoka kuchibvumidzwa asi kuchiramba kuchideredzwa.

C. Kusimba uye Kuvimbika

Makomputa akaiswa mumaindasitiri dzinowanzo shandiswa mu nharaunda dzakaoma nekupisa kwakanyanya, kudedera, uye guruva. ​​Kuti varambe vakavimbika, vane kutonhora kusina feni, kuchengetwa kwakasimba, kuputira kwakafanana, uye kushivirira tembiricha yakakuraKugara kwenguva refu kwakakoshawo; maindasitiri mazhinji anotarisira Kutenderera kwehupenyu kwemakore anopfuura gumi yemidziyo pasina kukanganiswa.

D. Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvekuchengetedza

Nekukwira kwe masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network mu IoT, mota, uye otomatiki yemaindasitiri, kuchengetedzwa kwepamhepo yava chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa pakugadzira. Zvinhu zvakaita se chengetedza boot, hardware encryption, uye kuonekwa kwekupinda zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuenderana nekuchengetedzwa kwezvivakwa zvakakosha.

Mukupedzisa, makombiyuta emaindasitiri asina feni dhizaini inyaya inonzwisisika ye kushanda zvakanaka, kupindura panguva chaiyo, kuvimbika kwakasimba, uye kuchengetedzekaZvirambidzo izvi zvinotsanangura kuti masisitimu akavharirwa anopa simba sei kubva ku marobhoti emufekitori ku zvishandiso zvekurapa nekururama uye kuvimbika.

V. Software & Mashandiro Ekushandisa

Iyo chikamu chesoftware ndizvo zvinoshandura kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati kubva pamidziyo iri nyore kuenda kuhurongwa hunoshanda uye hwakangwara. Kungave kushandisa firmware yakavakirwa pa microcontroller kana kuti yakazara sisitimu yekushandisa yakabatidzwa, software inotsanangura mashandiro, kuvimbika, uye kuchinjikaKusarudza puratifomu chaiyo kwakakosha kune mapurogiramu ari mu otomatiki yemaindasitiri, zvishandiso zvekurapa, kuchengetedzeka kwemotokari, uye ecosystem yeIoT.

A. Firmware uye Software Yakaiswa Mukati

Kune vazhinji masisitimu akazvimirira akaiswa mukati, hwaro hwacho firmware—mapurogiramu akareruka anochengetwa mu ROM kana Flash memoryZvakanyorwa mu C, C++, kana gungano, firmware inovimbisa kuita kwakatemwa uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu. Mienzaniso yakajairika inosanganisira pfungwa yekudzora a kutenderera kwemuchina wekuwachisa, iyo sisitimu yekuisa mafuta mumotokari, kana kuti nzira yekubata nguva mu pacemakerNekuti masisitimu aya anowanzo shanda kwemakore asina kugadziridzwa, firmware inofanira kunge iri inoshanda, yakachengeteka, uye yakavimbika zvikuru.

B. Masisitimu Ekushanda Akaiswa Mukati

Kana mashandisirwo achida kuoma kukuru, sisitimu yekushandisa yakabatidzwa (OS) inotanga kushanda:

• Masisitimu Ekushanda Enguva Yechokwadi (RTOS): Mapuratifomu akaita se FreeRTOS, VxWorks, uye QNX gonesa kudzora kwakaoma panguva chaiyo ye zvemuchadenga, masisitimu ekubhureki emotokari, uye marobhoti emuindasitiri.

• Linux Yakabatanidzwa: Mhinduro inochinjika uye inokwenenzverwa ye masisitimu akabatanidzwa ane network, masuo eIoT, uye maPC eindasitiri, ine zvivakwa zvakakurumbira zvakaita se Yocto, Buildroot, uye OpenWrt.

• Android yeMasisitimu Akaiswa: Inoshandiswa mu zviratidzo zvedhijitari, makiosk, uye masisitimu evaraidzo, kupa chiratidziro chemushandisi chakapfuma uye ecosystem yeapp.

• Mahwindo Akaiswa / WinCE: Ndichiripo mu materminal ekare anobatwa nemaoko nemidziyo yekurapa, inozivikanwa ne rutsigiro rwenguva refu.

C. Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvekufunga nezvazvo

Sarudzo ye OS yakaiswa mukati zvinoenderana ne:

• Kupindura panguva chaiyo zvichienzaniswa nekuchinjika-chinjika kwechinangwa chose.

• Zvinodiwa zvekubatana zvakaita se Bhazi reEthernet, Wi-Fi, kana CAN.

• Zvitupa zvekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedzeka ye mafomu akakosha ebasa.

Muchidimbu, software iyi inotsanangura hungwaru hwe kombiyuta yakaiswa mukati, kungave kuburikidza nyore kwefirmware kana kuti kuchinjika kwe RTOS uye mapuratifomu eLinux akabatanidzwa.

VII. Mafambiro & Nzira dzeRamangwana

Munda we makombiyuta akaiswa mukati iri kuchinja nekukurumidza, ichitungamirwa nekufambira mberi mu IoT, edge computing, uye artificial intelligence (AI)Sezvo maindasitiri achida zvakawanda otomatiki, kubatana, uye kushanda zvakanaka, remangwana remasystem akapinzwa richatarisa pamhinduro dzakangwara, dzinokurumidza, uye dzakachengeteka.

A. Kufungidzira kwakasimba (AI) pamucheto

Imwe yenzira dzakakosha ndeyekubatanidzwa kwe AI nekudzidza kwemuchina zvakananga mukati maPC akaiswa mukati uye mapuratifomu esystem-on-chip (SoC)Pane kutumira data kugore, mupendero weAI inobvumira kuita sarudzo panguva chaiyo panzvimbo. Semuenzaniso:

• Marobhoti emumaindasitiri ine masisitimu ekuona anoshanda neAI anogona kuona zvikanganiso zvechigadzirwa ipapo ipapo.

• Mota dzinozvitonga shandisa maGPU neNPU dzakaiswa mukati kuti kuzivikanwa kwemifananidzo panguva chaiyo.

• Makamera akangwara uye Masuo eIoT mhanyisa ongororo munharaunda yako, uchideredza kunonoka uye uchivandudza zvakavanzika.

Kuchinja uku kuri kushandura michina yakaiswa mukati kuita mapuratifomu emakombiyuta akangwara.

B. Kushanda Nesimba Nesimba Rakakwana uye Kugara Nguva Yakareba

Nemabhiriyoni emidziyo yakatumirwa pasi rese, dhizaini ine simba shoma hazvichadiwi. Vagadziri vari kushandisa:

• Kutarisira simba rinoshanduka kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri.

• Magadzirirwo ekutonhodza asina fan kune nharaunda dzakaoma.

• Masisitimu akasvibira akabatanidzwa izvo zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba mu nzvimbo dzedata, mafekitori, uye dzimba dzakangwara.

Kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba kucharamba kuri dambudziko guru mukugadzira zvinopfekwa, zvishandiso zvekurapa, uye masensa eIoT.

C. Kubatana kweIoT uye Kubatana

Kubatana kwe IoT uye komputa yakamisikidzwa iri kugadzira zvimwe masisitimu akaiswa mukati me network kupfuura kare. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinopa simba zvinosanganisira:

• Kubatana kwe5G kune maapplication ekunonoka kwakaderera zvakanyanya.

• Ethernet, Wi-Fi 6, uye bhazi reCAN kubatanidzwa mu otomatiki yemaindasitiri.

• Mapuratifomu akavakirwa mugore dzinobatana zvakanaka neAzure, AWS, kana makore emumucheto wega.

Mukupedzisa, remangwana re makombiyuta akavakirwa pakutungamira mugadziri wemakombiyuta akaiswa mukati iri mukubatanidzwa kwe AI iri pamucheto, dhizaini isingashandise simba zvakanyanya, uye kubatana kweIoT. Izvi zvitsva zvichawedzera basa razvo mu mafekitori akangwara, kutakurwa kwemotokari, tekinoroji yekurapa, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvechizvarwa chinotevera.

Zvinokurudzirwa Kuverenga: