Ndezvipi Zvikamu zveKombiyuta yeIndasitiri?

Makomputa emaindasitiri ipuratifomu dzakakosha dzekudzora nekugadzira data mu automation yemazuva ano. Kunzwisisa chimiro chekomputa yemaindasitiri ndeimwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekunzwisisa mashandiro ayo, nei ichiramba yakagadzikana munzvimbo dzinonetsa, uye kuti inotsigira sei mabasa akasiyana emaindasitiri. Usati watarisa zvikamu zvacho, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti komputa yemaindasitiri chii chaizvo. Komputa yemaindasitiri ikombiyuta yakagadzirirwa nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri nemabasa emaindasitiri. Kana ichienzaniswa nemakomputa emahofisi akajairwa, inowanzovakirwa kuvimbika kwakanyanya, kugadzikana kuri nani, kuchinjika kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kubatanidzwa zviri nyore nemabasa ekudzora maindasitiri, kutarisa, uye kugadzirisa data. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei makomputa emaindasitiri achishandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira, kutakura, simba, kutaurirana, kuona kwemuchina, otomatiki, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri. Haasi makomputa ane chinangwa chakajairika chete akaiswa mumafekitori. Iwo mapuratifomu emakomputa akasarudzwa kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa zvemaindasitiri zvakaita sekushanda nguva dzose, mhinduro yenguva chaiyo, kuwedzera interface, uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura zvikamu zvikuru zvekomputa yemaindasitiri uye chinopa maonero akajeka ekuti zvikamu izvozvo zvinoshanda sei pamwe chete mukushandiswa kwemaindasitiri.

Chikamu chepakati chekugadzirisa (CPU) ndicho chinhu chikuru chemakombiyuta emuindasitiri. Chine basa rekuita mirairo nekugadzirisa data uye chinosanganisira arithmetic logic unit (ALU), chikamu chekudzora (CU), uye marejista. Simba rekushanda kweCPU uye processing rinoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwese kwemakombiyuta emuindasitiri. Pakusarudza komputa yemuindasitiri, CPU haifanirwe kungotongwa chete nemaitiro asina kurongeka. Inofanirawo kuenzaniswa nebasa chairo, senge automation control, machine vision, edge analysis, monitoring, kana industrial communication. Sarudzo yakakodzera yeCPU inobatsira kudzivirira kusashanda zvakanaka uye overconfiguration isina kufanira.

Random Access Memory (RAM) mudziyo wekuchengetedza wenguva pfupi unoshandiswa nemakomputa eindasitiri kuchengetedza data nemapurogiramu, zvichibvumira CPU kuwana data nemirairo nekukurumidza. RAM yakakamurwa kuita main memory necache memory. Mhando dzemain memory dzakajairika ndiRandom Access Memory (RAM) neRead-Only Memory (ROM).Cache memory inoitawo basa mukuvandudza mashandiro ekuwana data, nepo main memory ichitsigira kuitwa kwepurogiramu yezuva nezuva. Mukutaura kwakajeka, memory inokanganisa kuti komputa yeindasitiri inogona sei kubata software yeindasitiri, maturusi ekuona, uye kugadziriswa kwedata nguva dzose.

Madhisiki akaomarara zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza nekutora data kwenguva refu. Makomputa eindasitiri anowanzo shandisa madhisiki e-solid-state (SSDs) kana madhisiki e-mechanical hard disk (HDDs). Anopa nzvimbo yakakwana yekuchengetera masisitimu ekushanda, maapplication, mafaira ekugadzirisa, uye data. Mumapurojekiti mazhinji emaindasitiri, maSSD anofarirwa nekuti anowanzo kupa mukana wekuwana data nekukurumidza, kumhanya kweboot nekukurumidza, uye kuramba kuri nani kushamisika zvichienzaniswa nemadhisiki e-mechanical. Zvisinei, maHDD anogona kutariswa kana paine mukana wakakura wekuchengetera pamutengo wakaderera. Sarudzo yekuchengetera inofanira kuenderana nekushandiswa chaiko. Semuenzaniso, masisitimu anobata data remifananidzo, magwaro, dhatabhesi dzemuno, kana marekodhi emaitiro enguva refu anogona kuda mhinduro dzekuchengetedza dzakakura uye dzakasimba.

Nzvimbo dzekuwedzera (expansion slots) inzvimbo dzekubatanidza nekuisa makadhi akasiyana-siyana ekuwedzera. Nzvimbo dzekuwedzera (expansion slots) dzinogona kuwedzera mashandiro uye mashandiro emakomputa eindasitiri, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekushandisa makadhi emifananidzo, makadhi enetwork interface, makadhi ekuwana data, nezvimwewo. Mhando dzenzvimbo dzekuwedzera dzakajairika dzinosanganisira PCI, PCIe, nezvimwewo. Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemisiyano mikuru pakati pemakomputa mazhinji eindasitiri nemakomputa akajairika evatengi. Mumapurojekiti emaindasitiri, kugona kuwedzera sisitimu kunowanzo kukosha nekuti zvinodiwa nemapurojekiti zvinogona kusanganisira mamwe ma network ports, fieldbus cards, GPU support, machine vision cards, kana ma control modules akagadziriswa. Komputa ine kugona kwekuwedzera kwakakodzera iri nyore kugadzirisa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvepurojekiti uye inogona kuderedza kudiwa kwekutsiviwa kwehardware yakakwana gare gare.

Ma "input" uye "output interfaces" anobvumira komputa yeindasitiri kuchinjana data uye kutaurirana nemidziyo yekunze. Ma "interfaces" aya akakosha pakushandisa makombiyuta nekuti ma "industrial computing" haawanzoitika ari ega. Ma "input interfaces" anowanzo sanganisira ma "keyboards", "mice", "touchscreens", "scanners", "sensors", uye "acquisition modules". Ma "output interfaces" anowanzo sanganisira "monitors", "printers", "audio outputs", uye "network interfaces". Makomputa eindasitiri anogonawo kupa "serial ports", "USB ports", "HDMI", "LAN ports", "GPIO", uye mamwe ma "industrial communication interfaces". Ma "interfaces" aya anobvumira ma "industrial PCs" kushanda zvakanaka ne "operators", "controllers", "sensors", "displays", uye "environment systems". Muma "applications" mazhinji eindasitiri, kusarudza "interface" chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha pakutenga. Komputa ingangoda kubatana ne "PLCs", "industrial cameras", "inspection tools", "barcode readers", "displays", "network equipment", kana "control hardware". Kana "interface" yacho isingaenderane nezvinodiwa pa "deployment", kunyange "CPU platform" ine simba ingasave sarudzo yakanaka.

Chigadziko chemagetsi chinopa simba remagetsi rinodiwa kuti komputa yemumaindasitiri ishande. Munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, mhando yekupa simba remagetsi inonyanya kukosha nekuti kusagadzikana kwemagetsi, ruzha rwemagetsi, uye kupindirana zvinogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kwesisitimu. Makomputa emaindasitiri anowanzoda simba rakasimba uye rakavimbika kuti rivabatsire kugadzirisa mamiriro emagetsi emaindasitiri uye mashandiro marefu ekushanda. Simba rakavimbika rinoita zvinopfuura kungobatidza komputa chete. Rinobatsira kutsigira kushanda kwakasimba, rinoderedza njodzi yekudzima kusingawanzoitiki, uye rinovandudza kuvimbika kwesisitimu munzvimbo dzinogona kunge dziripo kuchinja kwemagetsi kana kupindirana kwemagetsi.

Sisitimu yekushandisa ndiyo puratifomu huru yesoftware yemakombiyuta emuindasitiri. Inotarisira zviwanikwa zvehardware uye inotsigira kuitwa kwemapurogiramu esoftware. Masisitimu anoshanda akajairika emakomputa emuindasitiri anosanganisira masisitimu eWindows, Linux, uye masisitimu anoshanda panguva chaiyo.

• Mapurojekiti akasiyana emaindasitiri angada masisitimu akasiyana ekushanda. Windows inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri nekuti inopa kushandira pamwe kwesoftware, interface inozivikanwa yevashandisi, uye rutsigiro rwekutarisa, kudzora, interface yemunhu nemuchina, kutora data, uye mabasa ekugadzirisa.
• Linux inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumakombiyuta emaindasitiri nekuti yakavhurika, yakagadzikana, inochinjika, uye yakakodzera maapplication anoda kugadziriswa uye kuvimbika. Inowanikwa mumasystem akapinzwa, otomatiki yemaindasitiri, uye mapuratifomu ane chekuita nenetwork.

Mamwe mashandisirwo emaindasitiri anogona kushandisawo Kylin kana masisitimu ekushanda akagadzirwa, kunyanya uko nzvimbo, zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza, kana nzvimbo dzesoftware dzakanangana nepurojekiti zvakakosha. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sisitimu yekushandisa haifanirwe kutorwa sesarudzo yesoftware yega. Inofanira kusarudzwa pamwe chete nehardware, interfaces, zvinodiwa zveapplication, uye zvinangwa zvekuisa mapurojekiti.

Zvikamu zvekombuta yeindasitiri pamwe chete zvinoumba chikuva chekombuta chakasimba uye chinoshanda chekushandisa otomatiki yeindasitiri uye kugadzirisa data reindasitiri. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu izvi kunobatsira vashandisi kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro anoita makombuta eindasitiri uye kuti nei akakodzera nzvimbo dzinonetsa. Panguva imwe chete, zvikamu zvekombuta yeindasitiri hazvifanirwe kungoonekwa sekutarisa zviri nyore kwehardware. Zvinoratidza zvinodiwa zvakakura zvekombuta yeindasitiri: kuvimbika, mhinduro chaiyo, kugona kukura, nyore kugadzirisa, uye kugona kuchinjika pakushandisa. Pakuongorora kombuta yeindasitiri, vatengi vanofanira kutarisa kupfuura runyorwa rwezvakatsanangurwa uye kufunga kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinotsigira sei nzvimbo chaiyo yekushandisa. Ndiyo kiyi yekusarudza chikuva chisina simba papepa chete, asiwo chinoshanda mukushandiswa kwenguva refu kweindasitiri.

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